Research Library:
Peptide fundamentals
The chemistry behind the catalog: what lyophilization does, how peptides should be stored, what a blend is, and the receptor biology that defines families such as the GLP-1, GIP and glucagon agonists. Research framing throughout, with sources.
- ExplainerAOD-9604: what the molecule is, what the animal studies and the six human trials measured, and what its record does and does not includeAOD-9604 is a 16-residue modified fragment of human growth hormone. What its rodent studies and six human trials measured, GRAS and WADA status, and its COA.November 2, 202611 min read
- ExplainerGlutathione: the tripeptide, its reduced and oxidized forms, how it is measured, and what its COA coversGlutathione (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly, GSH) is a tripeptide with a gamma linkage. Its GSH/GSSG forms, stability, HPLC and LC-MS assays, FDA and USP status, COA reading.November 2, 202610 min read
- ExplainerKlow peptide blend: the four peptides in the vial, what each one's research covers, and what a Klow COA has to showKlow is GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500 and KPV in one vial. Measured amounts from an independent lab report, each component's research, and how to read a Klow COA.November 2, 20268 min read
- ExplainerMOTS-c: what the molecule is, what the cell, mouse and human studies measured, and where its regulatory status standsMOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. What the cell, mouse and human studies measured, its FDA and WADA status, and its COA.November 2, 202610 min read
- ExplainerNAD+: what the molecule is, how it is measured, how stable it is, and what a research-grade COA showsNAD+ is a coenzyme, not a peptide. Its formula, molecular weight and CAS, stability in solution, HPLC and LC-MS testing, FDA status, and what a NAD+ COA shows.November 2, 202610 min read
- ExplainerPT-141 (bremelanotide): what the molecule is, what the trials measured, and what its FDA label and COA sayPT-141 is bremelanotide, a cyclic melanocortin receptor agonist and ingredient of Vyleesi. Receptor pharmacology, RECONNECT trials, label limits, COA checks.November 2, 202610 min read
- ExplainerSermorelin acetate: what the molecule is, what the Geref approval covered, what the trials measured, and what a COA has to showSermorelin acetate is GHRH(1-29) amide, the former ingredient of Geref: its 1990 and 1997 FDA approvals, 2008 discontinuation, trials, WADA status and COA.November 2, 202610 min read
- ExplainerTesamorelin: what the molecule is, what the clinical trials measured, and what its FDA label and COA sayTesamorelin is a 44-amino-acid GHRH analogue and the ingredient of Egrifta. Its randomized trials, FDA label limits, WADA status, and how to read a tesamorelin COA.November 2, 20269 min read
- ExplainerTFA in research peptides: where trifluoroacetate comes from, what a salt form is, and how to find it on a certificate of analysisWhy synthetic peptides arrive as trifluoroacetate (TFA) salts, how the counter-ion lowers net peptide content but not HPLC purity, and what a COA should say.November 2, 202613 min read
- ExplainerIpamorelin: what the molecule is, what the animal and human studies measured, and why development stoppedIpamorelin is a synthetic ghrelin-receptor pentapeptide from Novo Nordisk. Its identifiers, the rat, pig and human studies, what they measured, and its status.October 31, 20269 min read
- ExplainerSelank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro): what it is, where it comes from, and what the published studies actually testedSelank is a seven-residue synthetic tuftsin analogue from Russia: its sequence, the rat, mouse and cell studies, limited human data, and FDA and WADA status.October 31, 20269 min read
- ExplainerSemax (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro): what it is, where it comes from, and what the published studies measuredSemax is a synthetic ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro heptapeptide from Russian research. Its identifiers, the rat BDNF and stroke studies, human reports and FDA status.October 31, 20268 min read